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Chondroitin and glucosamine [2] are essential molecules for the biosynthesis of chondrocytes, the cells that make up cartilage tissue. They are essential for keeping joints hydrated and thus maintaining their flexibility and elasticity.

Glycine and proline [3] are amino acid precursors of collagen, a protein found in the tissues of skin, bones, ligaments, tendons and cartilage. Collagen provides flexibility, elasticity and strength to joints.

Zinc, together with vitamins C and E,[4] protect joints from damage caused by reactive oxygen species, i.e. they act as antioxidants. In addition, recent studies have shown that vitamin C stimulates collagen biosynthesis.

Hyaluronic acid [5] is an essential biomolecule for water binding in many tissues, including cartilage tissue. Keeping joints hydrated helps to keep them smooth, elastic and flexible. In the joints, it acts as a lubricant, reducing friction and promoting shock absorption. It also reduces the death of chondrocytes, stimulates the biosynthesis of proteoglycans which inhibit the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and interacts with the nerve endings present in the joint, exerting an analgesic effect.

Boswellia serrata [6] is a tree native to India which is widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of osteoarthritis and other inflammatory processes. Recent studies in rats with collagen-induced osteoarthritis show that Boswellia Serrata extract was able to inhibit pro-inflammatory mediators, preventing degradation of cartilage collagen.

Curcuma longa [7] is an herbaceous plant from southwest India traditionally used as a spice or natural colouring agent. Several trials in animal models of arthritis show that dried extracts of Curcuma Longa help to reduce joint inflammation by protecting chondrocytes from the catabolic effect of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Harpagofito prucumbens,[8] better known as "Devil's Claw", is a natural herbaceous plant from southern Africa that belongs to the Pedaliaceae family. Several in vitro studies have shown that the dry extract of Harpagofito Prucumbens has chondroprotective activity, as they have shown a reduction in the synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators and inhibition of enzymes responsible for collagen degradation. In addition, there are known trials attributing analgesic properties to the dry extract of Harpagofito Prucumbens, although the mechanism remains unknown.


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[1] Moreau, M., Lussier, B., Pelletier, J. P., Martel-Pelletier, J., Bédard, C., Gauvin, D., & Troncy, E. (2014). A medicinal herb-based natural health product improves the condition of a canine natural osteoarthritis model: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Research in veterinary science, 97(3), 574–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.09.011
[2] Blanco, F. J., Camacho-Encina, M., González-Rodríguez, L., Rego-Pérez, I., Mateos, J., Fernández-Puente, P., Lourido, L., Rocha, B., Picchi, F., Silva-Díaz, M. T., Herrero, M., Martínez, H., Verges, J., Ruiz-Romero, C., & Calamia, V. (2019). Predictive modeling of therapeutic response to chondroitin sulfate/glucosamine hydrochloride in knee osteoarthritis. Therapeutic advances in chronic disease, 10, 2040622319870013. https://doi.org/10.1177/2040622319870013
[3] de Paz-Lugo, P., Lupiáñez, J. A., & Meléndez-Hevia, E. (2018). High glycine concentration increases collagen synthesis by articular chondrocytes in vitro: acute glycine deficiency could be an important cause of osteoarthritis. Amino acids, 50(10), 1357–1365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-018-2611-x
[4] Alalwan T. A. (2022). Nutraceuticals and their role in promoting musculoskeletal healthy aging. Annali di igiene : medicina preventiva e di comunita, 10.7416/ai.2022.2552. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.7416/ai.2022.2552
[5] Dai, W. L., Lin, Z. M., Guo, D. H., Shi, Z. J., & Wang, J. (2019). Efficacy and Safety of Hylan versus Hyaluronic Acid in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis. The journal of knee surgery, 32(3), 259–268. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1641142
[6] Sethi, V., Garg, M., Herve, M., & Mobasheri, A. (2022). Potential complementary and/or synergistic effects of curcumin and boswellic acids for management of osteoarthritis. Therapeutic advances in musculoskeletal disease, 14, 1759720X221124545. https://doi.org/10.1177/1759720X221124545
[7] Henrotin, Y., Dierckxsens, Y., Delisse, G., Maes, N., & Albert, A. (2022). Curcuma longa and Boswellia serrata extract combination for hand osteoarthritis: an open-label pre-post trial. Pharmaceutical biology, 60(1), 2295–2299. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2022.2147550
[8] Mariano, A., Bigioni, I., Mattioli, R., Di Sotto, A., Leopizzi, M., Garzoli, S., Mariani, P. F., Dalla Vedova, P., Ammendola, S., & Scotto d'Abusco, A. (2022). Harpagophytum procumbens Root Extract Mediates Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Osteoarthritis Synoviocytes through CB2 Activation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 15(4), 457. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15040457